Using LCA to evaluate impacts and resources conservation potential of composting: A case study of the Asti District in Italy

Separate collection of municipal solid waste has overcome the 50% threshold in the Asti District in northern Italy, nearly one-third being composed of household and green organic waste. In order to address present and future solutions, it becomes therefore fundamental to assess the environmental performances of the current management of organic waste from separate collection. A from-gate-to-cradle life cycle assessment (LCA) model has been developed by expanding system boundaries, in order to carry out the assessment in the context of the whole waste management streamline. The environmental performances of an existing aerobic plant were made available, based on field measured data, by paying attention to the role and contribution of waste management subsystems. The need for actual and reliable data on materials and energy input, as well as gross and net gains from materials recovery, including benefits arising from use of compost in farming activities, was probably the major drawback that had to be faced. The study integrated the findings of different investigations from the literature with field measured data in order to obtain a more comprehensive framework representative of the area under study. The results may help public administrators to better understand the suitability of using LCA tools when dealing with solid waste management strategies.     

广东某市疫情期间污水中精神药物的分布特征和滥用评价

采用污水流行病学的方法，研究了2020年新冠疫情期间及前后广东省某市生活污水中两种典型精神药物甲基苯丙胺和氯胺酮的赋存特征及其变化情况，并运用手机信令数据分析人口总数、结构特征及其变动规律，进而将两者结合分析了疫情期间及前后两种药物的消费量变化特征.结果表明，疫情期间该市实际人口相对于疫情前下降了约45%，两种药物总消费量相对于疫情前下降了约75%.总消费量的显著下降很大程度是由疫情期间实际人口下降造成的.实际上，疫情期间该市甲基苯丙胺和氯胺酮的人均消费水平相对于疫情前下降不到50%.考虑到疫情期间严格的管控措施，这一下降幅度说明这两种精神类药物滥用极其顽固；而疫情后两种药物的消费量及在环境中的浓度又基本恢复到疫情前的水平，进一步证明了精神类药物滥用的顽固性.     

储罐硫腐蚀产物标志性气体的监测

含硫油品储罐内的腐蚀产物与油品中的活性硫反应生成硫化物,而此类硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃是导致储油罐发生火灾、爆炸事故的重要原因.通过试验考察了氧气体积比对硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃过程的影响,探索了铁锈模拟物在氧化过程中SO2气体的释放规律.结果表明:氧气浓度越高,硫腐蚀产物的自燃危险性越大;随着O2浓度增加,氧化反应中SO2的浓度越大,SO2气体析出速度越快,当氧化反应的温度为40℃时,SO2气体浓度达到最大.     

甲烷氧化菌在填埋场覆盖层中的工程应用(Ⅱ):基质选择性及长效性

针对已筛选获得的甲烷氧化混合菌,选取填埋场覆盖土(LCS)、矿化垃圾(AR)和塘渣(TZ)3种填埋场周边易得的材料为供试生存基质,从基质选择性及长效性角度进行了甲烷减排应用条件的探究及使用效能评估.结果表明,在TZ、LCS、AR、TZ-AR和LCS-AR这5种生存基质中,TZ-AR最适合甲烷氧化混合菌的生长,且TZ与AR的复配比例以5∶5为最佳.甲烷氧化混合菌在TZ-AR的粒径≤4 mm和含水率为20%时具有最高甲烷氧化能力.一次性接种甲烷氧化混合菌在静态体系中的最佳使用有效期为31 d.其在接种量为0.08、0.16、0.20 m L·g-1和0.25m L·g-1时甲烷氧化速率无明显差异,从工程应用角度而言,8%的接种量为最佳.     

电子产品故障物理模型研究与应用进展

提出了故障物理模型的基本概念,对几种常见的电子产品故障物理模型,包括互连热疲劳模型、互连振动疲劳模型、电迁移模型和与时间相关的介质击穿模型等进行了分析,总结提出了基于失效发生因素和失效发生过程的损伤模型建模等两种故障物理模型的建模方法。结合工程应用情况,对两种故障物理模型的应用方法——可靠性仿真分析方法和可靠性加速试验方法进行了讨论。最后对故障物理模型的研究进行了展望。     

基于投入产出分析的虚拟水研究综述及展望

将国内外基于投入产出模型的虚拟水研究进行系统概括,认为按研究层面可以归纳为区域之间的虚拟水贸易和产业间部门用水关联两方面,并指出:(1)目前基于投入产出分析技术的虚拟水研究基本建立在价值型投入产出模型的基础上,实际上将产业虚拟水替代了原本产品虚拟水的概念.(2)目前针对工业品、服务品的虚拟水量化研究不足,并未独立研究非农产品虚拟水量化时的差异性.最后文章提出产业生态学中近年来发展的混合生命周期评价方法(Hybrid life-cycle assessment,HLCA).     

不同养殖模式池塘沉降颗粒营养物质组成特征

2012年4~10月采用自制沉降颗粒收集装置收集主养草鱼和黄颡鱼池塘生态系统中沉降颗粒物,开展了颗粒物质的垂直沉降量以及沉降颗粒中碳氮磷等营养物质的组成及沉降通量的季节变化特征的研究。结果表明:养殖可以显著提高池塘颗粒物质的垂直沉降量,主养草鱼池塘中颗粒物质垂直沉降量显著高于主养黄颡鱼池塘(p0.01),且两种养殖模式池塘颗粒物质沉降量随着养殖时间推进有显著增加的趋势。主养草鱼的池塘中颗粒物质垂直沉降量在100.39~414.66g/(m2·d)之间变化,平均为224.46g/(m2·d),主养黄颡鱼池塘中沉降颗粒物质垂直沉降量在34.14~272.91g/(m2·d)之间变化,平均为155.18g/(m2·d)。两种养殖模式沉降颗粒的碳氮磷成分在养殖周期内的变化规律不明显但具有相似的变化趋势,主养黄颡鱼池塘沉降颗粒中TN、TC、TOC和TON的含量均比同时期主养草鱼高,且均随着养殖时间的推进,沉降颗粒中碳氮磷的总量呈增加趋势。两种养殖模式池塘沉降颗粒中的C/N比值与沉积物中的C/N比值较为接近,表明沉降颗粒与沉积物营养物质来源具有一定的相似性,同时养殖系统内养殖对象与其所处环境的相互依存和相互影响对颗粒物质的产生以及沉降具有重要作用。     

药品和个人护理用品在固体基底中的检测方法和分布现状

药品和个人护理用品(Pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)在环境中广泛存在,威胁生态环境和人类健康,受到越来越多的关注.本文综述了固体基底中PPCPs的检测方法,总结了国内外污泥、土壤、沉积物等基底中PPCPs的污染现状,并对PPCPs的进一步研究进行了展望.结果表明,PPCPs的检测方法朝多样化和趋优化的方向发展.污泥样品中PPCPs种类多、浓度高(μg·kg-1—mg·kg-1),土壤和沉积物中虽然浓度不高,但是总量不可小觑.目前,固体基底中的PPCPs还需要更全面和更广泛的研究.     

A fungal perspective on conservation biology

Hitherto fungi have rarely been considered in conservation biology, but this is changing as the field moves from addressing single species issues to an integrative ecosystem‐based approach. The current emphasis on biodiversity as a provider of ecosystem services throws the spotlight on the vast diversity of fungi, their crucial roles in terrestrial ecosystems, and the benefits of considering fungi in concert with animals and plants. We reviewed the role of fungi in ecosystems and composed an overview of the current state of conservation of fungi. There are 5 areas in which fungi can be readily integrated into conservation: as providers of habitats and processes important for other organisms; as indicators of desired or undesired trends in ecosystem functioning; as indicators of habitats of conservation value; as providers of powerful links between human societies and the natural world because of their value as food, medicine, and biotechnological tools; and as sources of novel tools and approaches for conservation of megadiverse organism groups. We hope conservation professionals will value the potential of fungi, engage mycologists in their work, and appreciate the crucial role of fungi in nature. Una Perspectiva Micótica de la Biología de la Conservación